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Navigating Sequence Risk in Retirement: Lessons and Strategies for Humana Employees

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'Humana employees approaching retirement should recognize that the sequence of market returns in their early years can influence the longevity of their income far more than the average return itself, making disciplined withdrawal strategies and diversified income planning essential.' – Brent Wolf, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

'Humana employees nearing retirement can benefit from understanding how market downturns early in retirement may have lasting effects, and from adopting flexible, research-based withdrawal and allocation strategies to help sustain their income over time.' – Paul Bergeron, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

In this article we will discuss:

Historical examples of sequence-of-returns risk and their effects on retirement income.
Why the first years of retirement are most critical for portfolio sustainability.
Research‑backed strategies for managing sequence risk and supporting long‑term retirement goals.

Contributed by Paul Bergeron and Brent Wolf of Wealth Enhancement

For Fortune 500 employees approaching retirement, recognizing the timing of returns—not just the average return—can be critical to keeping income going over the long term. This concept, known as sequence-of‑returns risk, shows how poor early market performance in retirement can have a lasting impact on a withdrawal plan, even if long-term averages seem strong. Historical market data provides clear examples of this risk and offers practical methods for responding to it.

Historical examples of sequence risk

Fortune 500 retirees entering retirement during tough market cycles face situations similar to the declines seen in the late 1960s, when the market hit two bear markets (1968–70 and 1973–74) alongside high inflation. The S&P 500 dropped roughly 48% during the 1973–74 bear market, compounding inflation-related difficulties. ¹ Likewise, those retiring in 2000 endured two severe bear markets in the decade, while 2022 proved one of the toughest years for balanced portfolios, with sharp drops in both U.S. stocks and high-quality bonds.

Why the early years matter most

For a Fortune 500 retiree, significant losses in the first five to ten years of retirement—combined with regular withdrawals—can shrink the number of shares left to rebound when markets recover. Academic studies and industry research repeatedly show that even with the same average return, the order of gains and losses plays a huge role in retirement outcomes.

Research-backed strategies to manage sequence risk

One effective method for Fortune 500 retirees is keeping a mix of asset types to help weather downturns. Cash and bonds can act as “shock absorbers” for immediate expenses, reducing the need to sell stocks during market dips. Flexible withdrawal approaches—such as adjusting withdrawals within set guardrails—have been shown to support portfolio longevity better than fixed-dollar withdrawal methods.

Staging risk in a retirement portfolio—by holding one to two years of expenses in cash-like assets and several years in short‑ to intermediate‑term bonds—may give equities time to recover before they're tapped for income. For some Fortune 500 retirees, delaying income sources like Social Security can help raise total lifetime income and lessen the need to tap investments during volatile times. Thoughtful rebalancing and managing tax lots, especially during downturns, can also help maintain equity exposure and extend portfolio lifespan.

Implications for retirement planning

While higher stock allocations may offer greater long-term growth potential, they also increase sequence risk in early retirement for Fortune 500 workers. Historically, balanced portfolios—often with 30% to 50% equities for income-focused funds—have supported more resilient initial withdrawal rates compared to all-stock strategies. ² Strong early-market results can set up long-term success, but disciplined spending limits, guardrails, and rebalancing remain key.

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Sources:

1.The New York Times. ' What Happens When Stock Markets Become Bears ,' by William Davis, Karl Russell, and Stephen Gandel. 13 June 2022.

2. Vanguard UK. ' Sustainable Spending Rates in Turbulent Markets ,' by Daga, Ankul, et al. Mar. 2021, pp. 1–7.

Other Resources:

1. Guyton, Jonathan T., and William J. Klinger. “ Decision Rules and Maximum Initial Withdrawal Rates .” Journal of Financial Planning , vol. 19, no. 3, Mar. 2006, pp. 48–50, 52–54, 56–58. Financial Planning Association.

2. “ Timeline of U.S. Stock Market Crashes .” Investopedia , 30 Oct. 2024, section “The 1973–74 Oil Crisis Bear Market.”

3. ' When to Start Receiving Retirement Benefits. ' Social Security Administration, Pub. No. 05-10147, May 2024, pp. 1–2.

4. Arnott, Amy C., CFA, and Ivanna Hampton. “ Why More Diversification Doesn’t Mean Better Returns .” Morningstar , 7 June 2024.

What is the purpose of Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

The purpose of Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan is to help employees save for retirement by allowing them to contribute a portion of their salary to a tax-advantaged account.

How can employees enroll in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Employees can enroll in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan through the company’s benefits portal during the open enrollment period or within 30 days of their hire date.

Does Humana offer a matching contribution for its 401(k) Savings Plan?

Yes, Humana provides a matching contribution to the 401(k) Savings Plan, which helps employees boost their retirement savings.

What types of investment options are available in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan offers a variety of investment options, including mutual funds, target-date funds, and other investment vehicles tailored to different risk tolerances.

Can employees change their contribution percentage in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Yes, employees can change their contribution percentage at any time through Humana’s benefits portal.

What is the minimum contribution required to participate in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

The minimum contribution required to participate in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan is typically set at 1% of an employee’s salary, but employees can choose to contribute more.

When can employees access their funds in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Employees can access their funds in Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan upon reaching retirement age, or in cases of financial hardship, as defined by the plan.

Are there any fees associated with Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Yes, there may be administrative fees and investment-related fees associated with Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan, which are outlined in the plan documents.

How does Humana educate employees about the 401(k) Savings Plan?

Humana provides educational resources, including workshops, webinars, and one-on-one consultations, to help employees understand and maximize their 401(k) Savings Plan benefits.

Can employees roll over funds from another retirement account into Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan?

Yes, employees can roll over funds from other qualified retirement accounts into Humana's 401(k) Savings Plan.

With the current political climate we are in it is important to keep up with current news and remain knowledgeable about your benefits.

Humana provides a defined benefit pension plan and a 401(k) plan with company match.

Humana grants RSUs to its executives and certain employees. RSUs vest over several years, aligning employee interests with the company's long-term goals.