'Northern Trust employees with concentrated stock positions should understand that strategies like a Section 351 exchange can offer flexibility in managing large unrealized gains while preserving long-term planning options.' - Tyson Mavar, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

'Northern Trust employees facing concentrated stock exposure may find that a Section 351 exchange provides an effective way to mitigate risk and maintain control over the timing of potential tax liabilities.' - Wesley Boudreaux, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

In this article, we will discuss:

1. When a Section 351 exchange can help diversify concentrated stock positions without an immediate tax bill.

2. The core eligibility rules (80% control test) and basis/step-up mechanics that drive tax deferral.

3. Sample case studies (James & Sarah) illustrating the numbers and outcomes.

The Strategic Potential of Section 351: An Analysis of a Multi-Stock Case in Tax-Deferred Reorganization

A sizable amount of the wealth of many high-earning professionals at Northern Trust may be invested in a small number of highly valued equities, including company shares accumulated through restricted stock units (RSUs), the employee stock purchase plan (ESPP), or equity awards earned due to long tenure. While rebalancing may seem out of reach due to the tax ramifications of selling these positions, investors can make tax-deferred contributions of appreciated assets to a new business entity through a Section 351 exchange. When an investor wants to manage several sizable, embedded gains at once, this tactic may be especially useful.

Think about James, a client with a $10 million portfolio. The value of one stock investment, which he purchased for $50,000, has increased to $1 million, or 10% of his total portfolio. At a long-term capital gains rate that can reach 23.8% for certain high-income taxpayers (20% maximum long-term capital gains rate plus the 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax), selling this position would result in a $950,000 capital gain and an estimated $226,100 tax bill. The amount available for reinvestment would be reduced by this tax.

Section 351(a) of the Internal Revenue Code provides: "If property is transferred to a corporation by one or more persons solely in exchange for stock in such corporation and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control (as defined in section 368(c)) of the corporation, no gain or loss shall be recognized." Under Section 368(c), "control" generally means ownership of at least 80% of the voting power and 80% of each class of non-voting shares.

The transferor or transferors must own at least 80% of the new corporation's stock right after the exchange to qualify for this treatment. This can be done for investors with sizable portfolios by joining a larger seeding group or acting as the principal seeder of a new entity.

In a Section 351 transaction, any built-in gains are preserved because the shareholder's basis in the received stock typically carries over from the contributed property. If the shares are held until death, a step-up in basis under Section 1014 may eliminate the deferred gain.

Another client example involves Sarah, who has a $13 million portfolio. She owns two appreciated stocks:

• Stock A: Originally $300,000, now worth $3 million.

• Stock B: Initial cost basis $500,000, now worth $3 million.

At a long-term capital gains rate that can reach 23.8% for certain high-income taxpayers, the aggregate unrealized gain of $5.2 million would translate into an estimated tax of roughly $1,237,600 if sold today, which can constrain portfolio adjustments.

For employees of Northern Trust holding concentrated positions, taking part in a Section 351 exchange can reduce concentration risk and defer recognition of these gains without an immediate tax bill. If assets receive a step-up in basis at death, the deferred gain may be fully eliminated under current law, and deferral can provide flexibility in managing future tax obligations.

As you plan your transition from Northern Trust into retirement, it is worth understanding the company's specific benefit structure. According to publicly available information, Northern Trust maintains a defined benefit pension plan that has been frozen to new benefit accruals -- meaning the plan no longer accumulates future benefits for most employees, but those who were already vested may still be entitled to receive the pension benefit they accrued prior to the freeze, subject to the vesting requirements described in their plan documents. Northern Trust also offers retiree healthcare benefits to eligible employees, which can provide meaningful coverage for those who retire before reaching Medicare eligibility at age 65. Because the specifics of your pension benefit, retiree healthcare eligibility, and any matching contributions depend on your individual employment history and plan documents, We encourage you to review your Summary Plan Description (SPD) or speak with Northern Trust's HR or benefits team for the most current details.

Sources:

1. Internal Revenue Service. Revenue Ruling 2003-51 . Internal Revenue Bulletin 2003-21, 2003. PDF.

2. Friedel, David B., and Yaw O. Awuah. " Sec. 351 Control Requirement: Opportunities and Pitfalls ." The Tax Adviser , 1 July 2014. Web.

3. Internal Revenue Service. " Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) ." IRS.gov , last reviewed 1 July 2025. Web.

4. Internal Revenue Service. Publication 551: Basis of Assets . December 2024 revision, posted 18 February 2025. PDF.

5. FINRA Investor Education Foundation (FINRA). " Concentrate on Concentration Risk ." FINRA.org , 15 June 2022. Web.