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Healthcare Provider Update: Healthcare Provider for Alcoa Alcoa has partnered with several healthcare plans to provide its employees with benefits, primarily utilizing the services of major health insurance providers. For many employees, Alcoa's health coverage encompasses offerings from companies like Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield and Aetna, focusing on comprehensive coverage options that include medical, dental, and vision plans. Potential Healthcare Cost Increases for Alcoa in 2026 As we look ahead to 2026, healthcare costs are projected to rise significantly, primarily driven by increases in ACA marketplace premiums. Nationally, insurers are requesting median premium hikes of approximately 20%, with individual states seeing increases as high as 66%. The expiration of enhanced federal premium subsidies adds further pressure, potentially leading to a staggering 75% increase in out-of-pocket costs for many enrollees. For Alcoa employees, these factors will likely mean a reevaluation of healthcare spending and strategic planning to mitigate escalating out-of-pocket expenses in the coming year. Click here to learn more
When Stock Prices Are High What You Can Do With Dca
Overview
Many Alcoa employees and retirees have told us how difficult it feels to evaluate certain investment strategies. To evaluate DCA as an investment strategy we will compare it to lump sum investing for rolling 10-year investment periods with monthly steps. This means that starting with the first available month we will examine DCA and lump sum investing through the following decade of returns, and then move the start point one month ahead. For most data series in our sample, this results in 485 10-year periods. For Canada, we have 652 periods, and 1013 for the US. We will evaluate a 12-month DCA implementation, which means splitting up a lump sum into 12 equal monthly investments, against a single lump sum investment. The following chart shows an approximate allocation between cash and stocks over the course of a 12-month DCA period for $1,000,000 of starting cash.
Figure 1 – Dollar-Cost Averaging Illustration
Source: Benjamin Felix, Portfolio Manager, PWL Capital Inc.
In our model, the cash will earn interest at the rate of One-Month US Treasury Bills while it is waiting to be invested. The portfolios are 100% invested in stocks when fully implemented. All analysis has been conducted in US dollars using monthly returns for One-Month US Treasury Bills and the six global stock markets listed in Table 1.
Table 1 – Stock Market Indexes
Source: Benjamin Felix, Portfolio Manager, PWL Capital Inc.
In order to evaluate LSI relative to DCA, we have chosen to look at the ending performance of an investment after 10 years. First, we evaluated the full data series for each market to understand the average outcomes. We isolated the most extreme bad outcomes for LSI to examine how DCA performed in those periods. Knowing that we cannot predict when LSI will have its worst outcomes, we then compared LSI to DCA during bear markets and when stock prices are high.
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Figure 2 – Historical Monthly US Equity Risk Premium
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, PWL Capital Inc.
The monthly US equity premium has been remarkably consistent, within a range, throughout history. It has an arithmetic average of 0.65%, and it has been positive 60% of the time. There tend to be periods, visible in Figure 2, where the monthly premium becomes more volatile; volatility clustering is a well-known phenomenon. Over periods longer than one month we also observe characteristic negative skewness - frequent small gains and a few extreme losses.
Given the nature of stock returns, we would expect a stock investor to achieve positive returns with roughly the same frequency as the equity risk premium being positive. For the remainder of this paper, we will be comparing lump sum investing to dollar-cost averaging in terms of absolute returns, as opposed to observing their risk premiums. US stock returns have been positive in absolute terms 63% of the time in the historical data.
For most markets, and on average across markets, we find that roughly two-thirds of the time LSI beats DCA over 10-year periods in terms of ending assets. The exception is Japan which is unsurprising given its unique long-term stock market outcome; Japan’s equity market has trailed One-Month US Treasury Bills since 1990.
Table 2 – LSI vs. DCA for 10-Year Historical Periods
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
The basic insight that we draw from this result is that, on average, LSI leads to greater ending wealth than DCA. To quantify the extent to which LSI tends to beat DCA we examined the 10-year annualized performance difference for the full sample. An annualized figure stated as a percentage makes for an easy comparison to familiar items like fees and withholding taxes. On average, DCA is leaving a meaningful amount of expected returns on the table at 0.38% annualized over ten years in the historical data; this should not be a surprise considering that DCA delays exposure to higher expected returning stocks.
Table 3 – LSI vs. DCA Annualized 10-Year Performance Difference
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
Comparing average outcomes is interesting but it does not speak to the dispersion of outcomes. Even if DCA is worse on average in terms of expected average outcomes, maybe it offers some protection on the downside. To assess this, we calculate the difference in annualized returns for LSI and DCA over 10-year periods and sort the data into percentiles. The 10th percentile is the bottom 10% of outcomes, the 50th percentile is the median, and the 90th percentile is the top 10%.
Table 4 – Difference in Annualized Returns (LSI – DCA)
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
It should be clear from Table 4 that LSI is beating DCA by a healthy margin on average. In the best 10% of outcomes (90th percentile), more has been gained by LSI over DCA than what has been lost in the worst 10% of outcomes. The median outcome is positive, and the distribution is negatively skewed. None of this should be a surprise considering the positive expected risk premium of stocks over treasury bills, and the left-skewed distribution of stock returns. Figure 3 shows the shape of the distribution of the differences in outcomes for LSI less DCA in terms of 10-year annualized returns.
Figure 3 – Distribution of Differences in 10-Year Annualized Outcomes (LSI - DCA)
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
At the most extreme, the far left and right tails of the distribution, LSI does look worse than DCA. This observation is consistent with a negatively skewed distribution; we see that most of the outcomes are good, but the worst outcomes are more extreme than the best outcomes. This validates the idea that DCA might be able to offer protection from the worst outcomes, but it comes at a significant cost in terms of expected returns.
Sorting by the difference between LSI and DCA lets us think about the total distribution of outcomes for DCA relative to LSI, but we are now interested in how DCA does when LSI does poorly relative to the full set of LSI outcomes. To examine this, we sort historical outcomes by LSI ending assets and observe how DCA performs when LSI has its worst 10% of historical outcomes. Framed differently, if we knew that the next 10 years would be among the worst in history for a lump sum investment, could we count on DCA to improve the outcome?
Table 5 – LSI vs. DCA in the 10th Percentile LSI Historical Periods
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
In half of our markets, LSI still beats DCA most of the time even when LSI has delivered its worst historical outcomes; this is also true with an equal-weighted average of all markets in the sample. The results are not as strongly in favor of LSI as the full data series but remember that we have intentionally selected the worst LSI outcomes for this sample. While the number of outcomes is evenly matched, the bad outcomes in this case are worse in magnitude than the good ones. The result is a negative difference in annualized 10-year performance. This should not be surprising considering our intentional selection of the worst LSI outcomes in the sample.
Table 6 – Difference in Annualized Returns for 10th Percentile LSI Outcomes (LSI – DCA)
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
Even under artificial conditions of a known bad future outcome for LSI, DCA offers less than a 50% shot at an improvement. DCA does however offer an edge when the magnitude of positive and negative outcomes is considered – despite the roughly even split between good and bad outcomes, the bad outcomes are worse than the good outcomes are good. This seems to give credence to the mythical ability of DCA to improve an extremely bad LSI outcome. An important nuance in the data is that the worst LSI outcomes relative to other LSI outcomes do not correspond with the worst LSI outcomes relative to DCA outcomes. The most extreme instances of underperformance for LSI relative to DCA have less to do with the LSI outcome being extremely bad and more to do with the DCA outcome being extremely good. In other words, lucky timing for DCA, as opposed to avoiding unlucky timing for LSI, drives the difference in the most extreme cases.
Given that it is impossible to predict which time periods will result in the worst outcomes for a lump sum investment, we next turn to two signals commonly believed to offer forward-looking insight into future investment returns.
Table 7 – LSI vs. DCA in Historical Bear Markets
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
We again find that LSI produces a better outcome than DCA most of the time in most countries in the sample. Alcoa employees and retirees should note that the US experience is significantly impacted by the enormous volatility and seemingly perpetual market drops in the 1930s. We find that, on average, LSI beats DCA by a 10-year annualized 0.25% when the investment period begins with the month after a drop of 20% or more has occurred. Echoing the experience of the full data series we also see that there has historically been more to gain from LSI in the 90th percentile of outcomes than there has been to lose in the 10th percentile. DCA is not offering protection from bad outcomes without also exposing us to a greater risk of missing good outcomes.
Table 8 – Difference in Annualized Returns Starting at Bear Markets (LSI – DCA)
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, MSCI, S&P Dow Jones Indices, PWL Capital Inc.
It's important for Alcoa employees to keep in mind that our trigger to begin the investment period is a 20% drop. In some cases, a 20% drop is followed by more drops, while in other cases it is followed by a rebound. Based on the data in Tables 7 and 8 we can see that rebounds are more impactful, on average than further drops. This results in LSI delivering a better result than DCA most of the time, even during periods of market volatility.
Table 9 – LSI vs. DCA when Stock Prices are High Relative to all History
Data source: Dimensional Returns Web, CRSP, Barclays Research, PWL Capital Inc.
While it may seem concerning, this observation suffers from a massive bias: at any point in time we do not have the full set of past and future Shiller CAPE data to base a decision - we only have past data in our possession. We adjust for this by measuring the market’s expensiveness only relative to historical data for each data point. For example, for January 1926 we are comparing the Shiller CAPE to the set of data from February 1872 to January 1926, not from February 1872 to May 2020 to test for expansiveness. In this case, LSI beats DCA 63.70% of the time.
Table 10 – LSI vs. DCA when Stock Prices are High Relative to Backward-looking History
This exercise is to remind Alcoa employees and retirees that while valuations may look high at a point in time, they can always get higher. Japan might be a particularly interesting case study on the usefulness of market valuations in making the LSI vs. DCA decision. We have less data for Japan, so instead of comparing historical Japanese data, we will compare Japanese valuations to US data to determine expensiveness. The highest level of the monthly Shiller CAPE for the full US historical data series is 44.19 which occurred in December 1999. Japan exceeded this level in May 1986 with a Shiller CAPE of 44.31. While the Japanese market did eventually crash in 1990, there are 29 monthly observations following May 1986 where LSI beats DCA by a wide margin. Even starting in November 1988, with a Shiller CAPE of 72.07, LSI beats DCA in Japan in terms of 10-year annualized returns.
It is well-known that future returns tend to be relatively low when valuations are relatively high. Despite this, using valuation as a signal to time the LSI vs. DCA decision has historically resulted in unfavorable outcomes most of the time.
Despite the statistical evidence in favor of LSI, there is a meaningful psychological risk to investing in a lump sum. For many Alcoa investors, losing money in the stock market is psychologically, and in some cases physiologically painful. There is evidence from behavioral finance suggesting that acts of commission are more painful than acts of omission. Making the decision to buy stocks today is an act of commission while deciding not to buy stocks is an act of omission. Buying stocks on a given day and then watching them fall is more psychologically painful than not buying stocks and watching them rise, even if the economic impact is identical. DCA could be viewed as diversifying acts of commission over time to reduce the potential for a psychologically painful outcome.
If DCA seems like a solution to avoiding pain when investing new money, we think that it is a reasonable strategy. However, we also think that if the fear of loss is so great that DCA needs to be employed to make an asset allocation decision palatable, that asset allocation may be too aggressive. It should feel comfortable to invest a lump sum in a risk-appropriate portfolio. We do not want to imply that DCA should never be employed, but we do believe that if it feels necessary to use DCA in order to implement an asset allocation decision, it may be wise to revisit the portfolio altogether.
TRG takes a teamwork approach in providing the best possible solutions for our clients’ concerns. The Team has a conservative investment philosophy and diversifies client portfolios with laddered bonds, CDs, mutual funds, ETFs, Annuities, Stocks and other investments to help achieve their goals. The team addresses Retirement, Pension, Tax, Asset Allocation, Estate, and Elder Care issues. This document utilizes various research tools and techniques. A variety of assumptions and judgmental elements are inevitably inherent in any attempt to estimate future results and, consequently, such results should be viewed as tentative estimations. Changes in the law, investment climate, interest rates, and personal circumstances will have profound effects on both the accuracy of our estimations and the suitability of our recommendations. The need for ongoing sensitivity to change and for constant re-examination and alteration of the plan is thus apparent.
Therefore, we encourage you to have your plan updated a few months before your potential retirement date as well as an annual review. It should be emphasized that neither The Retirement Group, LLC nor any of its employees can engage in the practice of law or accounting and that nothing in this document should be taken as an effort to do so. We look forward to working with tax and/or legal professionals you may select to discuss the relevant ramifications of our recommendations.
Throughout your retirement years we will continue to update you on issues affecting your retirement through our complimentary and proprietary newsletters, workshops and regular updates. You may always reach us at (800) 900-5867.
What are the key eligibility requirements for employees to participate in the Pension Plan for Certain Hourly Employees of Alcoa USA Corp, and how do these requirements change if an employee is hired or rehired after April 1, 2022? This question aims to explore the specific criteria that must be met for participation in the plan, providing clarity on both the general eligibility for new employees and any exceptions for those previously employed.
Eligibility Requirements: Employees are automatically eligible for the Pension Plan for Certain Hourly Employees of Alcoa USA Corp if they were hired or rehired before April 1, 2022, have reached age 21, and completed one year of vesting service. Employees hired or rehired on or after April 1, 2022, are not eligible for this pension plan(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
How is the vesting service calculated in the context of the Alcoa USA Corp pension plan, and what implications does it have for an employee considering retirement? Understanding the nuances of how vesting service is accrued and the minimum time required to become vested can significantly impact an employee's retirement planning.
Vesting Service Calculation: Vesting service determines when an employee becomes eligible for pension benefits. Employees become vested after completing five years of vesting service, which includes both periods of pension service and non-pension service such as absences not counted towards pension service. This is crucial for retirement planning, as it ensures employees are entitled to pension benefits even if they leave the company after becoming vested(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
What various retirement options are available to employees of Alcoa USA Corp, and how do these options affect the benefits and payout structure for retiring employees? This question addresses the multiple choices employees face when planning their retirement, including the differences between normal retirement, early retirement, and disability retirement benefits.
Retirement Options: The plan offers normal retirement (at age 65 with five years of vesting service), 60/10 retirement (for employees between 60 and 62 with 10 years of vesting service), and 62/10 retirement (for employees between 62 and 65 with 10 years of vesting service). Disability retirement is also available for those permanently incapacitated with 10 years of vesting service(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
Can you elaborate on the survivor benefits provided under the Alcoa USA Corp pension plan, and what steps need to be taken to ensure that a spouse or partner is eligible for these benefits upon the employee's retirement? This question seeks to examine the protections and financial security afforded to survivors, alongside the required documentation and choices available to employees.
Survivor Benefits: The pension plan provides automatic surviving spouse coverage unless waived by the employee and spouse. Surviving spouse pensions are payable if the employee dies while actively employed and vested in the plan, after retirement, or while receiving a deferred vested pension. The spouse must submit a written application to claim benefits(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …)(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
What are the specific methodologies used to calculate the regular monthly pension for employees retiring under the Alcoa USA Corp pension plan, and how might these calculations vary based on an employee's age and years of service? This question looks at the complex actuarial factors that influence pension benefits, enhancing employees' understanding of how their retirement income is determined.
Pension Calculation: The regular monthly pension is calculated using a formula based on the employee's pension service and a pension factor in effect when pension service ends. For example, if an employee retires at 65 with 10 years of service, the pension factor might be $57 per year of service. The pension is adjusted based on age and service length(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
In the event of a disability, how does the Alcoa USA Corp pension plan provide support to affected employees, and what are the requirements to qualify for disability retirement benefits? This question emphasizes the importance of understanding disability provisions, ensuring employees are aware of their rights and the circumstances under which they might qualify for benefits.
Disability Retirement: Employees under 62 who are permanently incapacitated with at least 10 years of vesting service qualify for disability retirement. They must be deemed permanently disabled and unable to return to work in a bargaining unit occupation. A medical examination may be required to confirm ongoing eligibility(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
What steps must Alcoa USA Corp employees take to apply for retirement benefits, and what timelines are involved in the processing and payout of these benefits? This question delves into the procedural aspects of retirement applications, aiming to prepare potential retirees for the necessary actions they must undertake.
Retirement Application Process: Employees must file a retirement application with the plan administrator before their desired retirement date. The application can be filed up to 90 days before retirement, and the process typically includes receiving benefit explanations and payment elections within this timeframe(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
How does the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) influence the pension benefits received by employees of Alcoa USA Corp, particularly in the context of plan terminations or financial challenges? This question explores the security provided by the PBGC, focusing on its role as a backup for employees’ pension benefits.
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC): The PBGC provides a safety net for pension benefits in the case of plan termination or financial distress. If the pension plan is underfunded, the PBGC ensures employees still receive pension benefits, although certain limitations may apply(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
What resources and support does Alcoa USA Corp provide to its employees for understanding their pension plan, and how can employees reach out for assistance regarding their retirement options? This question emphasizes the resources available to employees for further education and guidance, ensuring they know where to turn for help.
Resources for Understanding the Plan: Employees can access information about their pension plan and retirement options through the Alight Worklife™ website or by calling the Alcoa benefits helpline. These resources offer guidance on applying for retirement and understanding plan benefits(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
How can employees of Alcoa USA Corp contact the benefits management team to learn more about their specific pension plan details, and what channels are available for inquiries? Understanding the communication channels can empower employees to seek the information they need, facilitating a smoother transition into retirement.
Contacting Benefits Management: Employees can reach out to the benefits management team through the Alight Worklife™ website or by phone at 1-844-31ALCOA. This service provides assistance with pension-related inquiries and retirement applications(Alcoa USA Corp_Pension …).
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For more information you can reach the plan administrator for Alcoa at 390 park avenue New York, NY 10022-4608; or by calling them at (412) 315-2900.
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