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Investing Insights for Fox Employees: The Pros and Cons of Dollar-Cost Averaging vs. Lump-Sum Contributions

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The Value Series

What is Book Value?

Testing

Weighting

The Brandes Research Institute

About The Retirement Group

Sources

The Value Series

Given the current elevated market volatility, we think now is a good time to revisit important value metrics in our four-part series. As an employee or retiree of Fox, who likely has little market analysis experience, we understand that the valuation process can seem confusing. However, we are here to tell you that the valuation process does not have to be complex to be successful. Simple valuation techniques such as the price-to-book ratio are generally easy to use and have been proven to be effective if utilized correctly. Investors are often looking for ways for their clients to beat the market. If you're one of those investors, you may want to consider the following strategy that has been implemented by the investment greats. Some value investors have historically beat the average annualized returns of the S&P 500, and many have successful track records spanning several decades to prove it. Fox employees, it is important to be knowledgeable regarding tactics used by famous investors such as Warren Buffett, Benjamin Graham, David Dodd, Charlie Munger, Christopher Browne and Seth Klarman. The investment style implemented by these professionals focus on four metrics that characterize a value investment. These four metrics include the Price to Earnings Ratio, the Price to Cash Flow Ratio, High Dividend Yield and the Price to Book Ratio. These metrics, as you will see, are strong indicators of undervalued security. If undervalued security is brought back to fair value then we would see positive returns on that security. For Fox employees, it is possible to utilize these metrics to better position yourself in the market for heightened returns. We will examine the effect of investing based off of certain characteristics and how their investment returns are correlated. Today, I want to end the four-part TRG Value Series with the granddaddy of metrics, the Price-to-Book value ratio (P/B).

What is Book Value?

Book value is preferred by many value investors to cash flow and earnings metrics because it is more stable year-to-year whereas cash flow and earnings can vary greatly. This is an important property for those at Fox to look out for due to the following reason: When a business at a cyclical trough with diminished cash flow and earnings might look expensive on the basis of price-to-cash flow or price-to-earnings, that same business may appear cheap on the basis of price-to-book value. This is because book value won’t fall much or at all in a downturn, and vice versa. Thus, the argument goes, the price-to-book value gives a more reliable picture of a company’s usual business performance, which Fox employees can use to elevate their investment decisions and investment performance. Benjamin Graham popularized the indicator in his books “Security Analysis” and “The Intelligent Investor”. Nobel Prize winner Eugene Fama and his research partner Kenneth French used the ratio in their three- and five-factor models to describe stock returns. Professor Joseph Piotroski uses the ratio as the only valuation measure in his F-Score methodology.

Testing

We understand the importance of data driven research for Fox employees and retirees. Set out below are the results of two Fama and French backtests of the book value-to-market equity (the inverse of the PB ratio) data from 1926 to 2013. As of December 2013, there were 3,175 firms in the sample (Carlisle-PB, P2). The value decile contained the 459 stocks with the highest earnings yield, and the glamour decile contained the 404 stocks with the lowest earnings yield.

The average size of the glamour stocks is $7.48 billion and the value stocks are $2.54 billion. (Note that the average is heavily skewed by the biggest companies. For context, the 3,175th company has a market capitalization today of $404 million, which is smaller than the average, but still investable for most investors). Portfolios are formed on June 30 and rebalanced annually. When accounting for this backtest, Fox employees may recognize how two portfolios are weighted by market capitalization, which means that bigger firms contribute more to the performance of the portfolio, and smaller firms contribute less. Here, we can see that the value decile has comprehensively outperformed the glamour decile, returning 12.6 percent compounded (17.7 percent in the average year) over the full period versus 8.6 percent for the glamour decile (10.9 percent in the average year) (Carlisle-PB, P3).

These returns are considerably lower than the returns found for the price-to-earnings and cash-flow ratios discussed earlier. Despite the irregularity, Fox employees must be aware that the earnings and cash flow back tests ran back to only 1951, and the book value return data begins in 1926. The difference is due to the 1929 crash, which had an oversized impact on returns. The impact of the crash is visible on the chart; it took twenty years for the value decile to fully recover. Fox employees must also note how something similar has happened to the glamour decile since 2000; it hasn’t grown in 13 years. To make a comparison possible of the book value’s performance to the performance of earnings and cash flow over the same period, I also measured the returns beginning in 1951. Since 1951, the low P/B value decile has generated a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.0 percent and an average annual return (AAR) of 17.9 percent. Over the same period, the glamour decile returned a CAGR of 9.6 percent and an AAR of 12.6 percent (Carlisle-PB, P5). These returns are approximately the same as the returns generated by the low P/CF and P/E studies over the same period.

In their study, they found that the quintile of the lowest P/E stocks significantly outperformed the high P/E quintile. The portfolio containing the lowest P/E stock returned 11.61% annualized compared to 4.83% for the highest P/E portfolio and 7.55% for the used universe of stocks. The graph below shows how the cumulative returns compare (it’s not even close). Fox employees can utilize this information to avoid investing in underperforming assets and better predict economic trends that translate into higher ROI.

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Weighting

It is important for employees and retirees of Fox to understand how market capitalization-weighted returns are useful for demonstrating that the outperformance of value over glamour is not due to the value portfolios containing smaller stocks. Unless you’re running an index (or hugging an index), they’re not really meaningful. The easiest portfolio weighting scheme is to simply equally weight each position. (If we’re prepared to put up with a little extra volatility for a little extra return, we can also Kelly weight our best ideas). Kelly Weighting is determined by the Kelly Criterion which is a formula used to determine what percentage of their capital should be used in each trade to maximize long-term growth. There are two key components to the formula (Kelly % = W- [(1 - W) / R]): the winning probability factor (W) and the win/loss ratio (R). The winning probability is the probability a trade will have a positive return. The win/loss ratio is equal to the total positive trade amounts divided by the total negative trading amounts. The result of the formula will tell investors what percentage of their total capital they should apply to each investment. By utilizing the Kelly Weighting, investors employed or retiring from Fox can have a better grasp of their exposure to each individual asset in their portfolio and make informed decisions regarding their asset allocation.

Fox employees should also account for the equal weight return statistics for book value. In the equal weight backtest, the value generated a 20.2 percent compounded return (27.3 percent on average), beating out glamour’s 6.3 percent compounded return (10.4 percent on average) (Carlisle-PB, P10). Since 1951 the equally weighted P/B value decile has generated a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.0 percent and an average annual return (AAR) of 25.4 percent (Carlisle-PB, P11).

Over the same period, the glamour decile returned a CAGR of 6.4 percent and an AAR of 10.8 percent. These returns are close to the same as the returns generated by the low P/CF and P/E studies over the same period. When accounting for this information, Fox employees must recognize that the value portfolios outperformed because they bought more book value per dollar invested than the glamour portfolios: 4.57x on average versus 0.25x in the glamour portfolios (Carlisle-PB, P12). In the equal-weight portfolios, value has significantly outperformed glamour since 1999, beating it by an extraordinary 15.9 percent compounded, and 16.1 percent in the average year (Carlisle-PB, P13).

The Brandes Research Institute

Because we understand just how important data-driven solutions are for our Fox employees and retirees, we have provided another study, which discusses the P/CF ratio. In a Brandes Research Institute study, Exhibit 6 below illustrates the global all-cap findings across three price metrics.

The results confirmed a consistent value premium across all metrics. We will focus on the P/CF ratio and the outperformance in the decile 10 value stocks. The smallest outperformance between decile 1 glamour stocks and decile 10 value stocks can be observed with the P/B measurement, where the average outperformance was 7.1% (Brandes, p. 8).

About The Retirement Group

The Retirement Group is a nation-wide group of financial advisors who work together as a team.

We focus entirely on retirement planning and the design of retirement portfolios for transitioning corporate employees. Each representative of the group has been hand selected by The Retirement Group in select cities of the United States. Each advisor was selected based on their pension expertise, experience in financial planning, and portfolio construction knowledge.

TRG takes a teamwork approach in providing the best possible solutions for our clients’ concerns. The Team has a conservative investment philosophy and diversifies client portfolios with laddered bonds, CDs, mutual funds, ETFs, Annuities, Stocks and other investments to help achieve their goals. The team addresses Retirement, Pension, Tax, Asset Allocation, Estate, and Elder Care issues. This document utilizes various research tools and techniques. A variety of assumptions and judgmental elements are inevitably inherent in any attempt to estimate future results and, consequently, such results should be viewed as tentative estimations. Changes in the law, investment climate, interest rates, and personal circumstances will have profound effects on both the accuracy of our estimations and the suitability of our recommendations. The need for ongoing sensitivity to change and for constant re-examination and alteration of the plan is thus apparent.

Therefore, we encourage you to have your plan updated a few months before your potential retirement date as well as an annual review. It should be emphasized that neither The Retirement Group, LLC nor any of its employees can engage in the practice of law or accounting and that nothing in this document should be taken as an effort to do so. We look forward to working with tax and/or legal professionals you may select to discuss the relevant ramifications of our recommendations.

Throughout your retirement years we will continue to update you on issues affecting your retirement through our complimentary and proprietary newsletters, workshops and regular updates. You may always reach us at (800) 900-5867.

Sources

What to do with an Early Retirement Ebook
Social Security Ebook
Lump Sum vs. Annuity Ebook
401(k) Rollover Strategies Ebook
Closing the Retirement Gap Ebook
Brandes Institute, The. “Value vs. Glamour: A Long-Term Worldwide Perspective”. 2014. < https://www.brandes.com/docs/default-source/brandes-institute/value-vs-glamour-worldwide-perspective>.
Carlisle, Tobias. “Investing Using the Price-to-Earnings Ratio and Earnings Yield (Backtests 1951 to 2013)”. May 26, 2014. <http://greenbackd.com/2014/05/26/price-to-earnings-ratio-backtest-1951-to-2013/>.
Causeway Capital. “The Compelling Case for Value Stocks”. 2018 https://www.causewaycap.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/201802-TheCompellingCaseforValue-1.pdf
Research Affiliates. “To Win with ‘Smart Beta’, Ask if the Price is Right” September 7, 2016 < https://seekingalpha.com/article/4004564-win-smart-beta-ask-price-right>
Tweedy Browne Company LLC. “What Has Worked in Investing: Studies of Investment Approaches and Characteristics Associated with Exceptional Returns.” 1992. <http://www.tweedy.com/resources/library_docs/papers/WhatHasWorkedFundVersionWeb.pdf>.
Yuan, Vera. Guru Focus. “Earnings, Free Cash Flow, Book Value? Which Parameters Are Stock Prices Most Correlated To?”. August 2, 2013. < http://www.gurufocus.com/news/225255/earnings-free-cash-flow-book-value-which-parameters-are-stock-prices-most-correlated-to->.
Fama and French Backtesting http://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/pages/faculty/ken.french/data_library.html

How does 21st Century Fox America Inc. determine the funding status of its pension plan, and what key metrics are utilized in evaluating its financial health? Employees may want to understand the significance of the Funding Target Attainment Percentage and how it influences their retirement benefits, especially as it pertains to both the general and specific circumstances affecting funding levels.

Funding Status and Metrics: 21st Century Fox America Inc. determines the funding status of its pension plan by calculating the Funding Target Attainment Percentage (FTAP), which divides the plan’s net assets by its liabilities. For the 2022 plan year, the FTAP was 125.79%. This metric is crucial because it indicates how well the plan is funded. A high FTAP suggests that the plan is well-funded and capable of meeting its obligations, which directly influences employees' retirement security(21st Century Fox Americ…).

What considerations does 21st Century Fox America Inc. take into account when deciding the investment strategies for its pension plan? Employees should be informed about the policy guidelines that govern the allocation of the plan's assets, including which asset classes are prioritized and the expected outcomes from such investment decisions.

Investment Strategy Considerations: The company follows specific investment policies that establish guidelines for asset allocation within the pension plan. These policies ensure that assets are allocated among major categories like equities, fixed income, and cash. The fiduciaries of the plan determine the target ranges for each category, aiming for stable returns and long-term viability(21st Century Fox Americ…).

How can employees of 21st Century Fox America Inc. assess their rights and the processes involved should the pension plan terminate? This includes evaluating the stipulations provided by federal laws that dictate what happens to vested benefits upon termination and what steps participants can take to secure their entitlements.

Rights and Pension Termination: Should the pension plan terminate, federal law requires 21st Century Fox America Inc. to follow certain procedures. If fully funded, the plan would undergo a standard termination, where an insurance company provides annuities, or a lump sum may be offered. In underfunded cases, a distress termination could occur, where the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) takes over(21st Century Fox Americ…).

What are the recent changes in federal regulations influencing how pension plans, such as the one at 21st Century Fox America Inc., calculate their liabilities? Employees need to grasp the implications of these regulations on their future benefits, specifically regarding the new methodologies for determining financial sufficiency.

Impact of Federal Regulations: Recent changes in federal regulations, including the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, adjusted the methodologies for calculating pension liabilities. Plans now incorporate a 25-year interest rate average, which typically results in higher interest rates and lower liabilities, affecting the funding status and employer contributions(21st Century Fox Americ…).

In the context of 21st Century Fox America Inc., what is the role of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) in guaranteeing pension benefits, and what are the criteria for ensuring benefits remain secure? Understanding how the PBGC functions and its limits is critical for employees planning their retirements.

Role of PBGC: The PBGC provides a guarantee for vested pension benefits in the event of plan termination. The guarantee is subject to legal limits, which vary depending on the participant’s age and the plan’s termination date. For 2023, the maximum annual benefit for a 65-year-old retiree was $81,000(21st Century Fox Americ…).

What steps can employees take to access information related to their pension plan from 21st Century Fox America Inc., and how can they ensure they receive timely updates regarding their benefits? Details about the channels available for inquiries and the importance of keeping informed about funding levels and benefits are crucial.

Accessing Pension Information: Employees can access information about their pension plan through the Disney Benefits Center by calling (800) 354-3970. Staying informed about the plan’s funding levels and benefits is essential, and employees are encouraged to review the annual funding notice for updates(21st Century Fox Americ…).

How does 21st Century Fox America Inc. manage the risks associated with its pension investments, particularly in a volatile market climate? Employees could benefit from insights into risk management strategies and how they affect long-term pension viability.

Risk Management in Investments: To manage investment risks, 21st Century Fox America Inc. adheres to a diversified asset allocation strategy. This approach helps mitigate market volatility and ensures the long-term sustainability of pension benefits despite changing economic conditions(21st Century Fox Americ…).

In what ways can a participant's years of service and salary history with 21st Century Fox America Inc. affect their retirement benefits, and what mechanisms are in place to ensure accurate benefit calculations? Exploring the relationship between service, salary, and pension outcomes can help clarify employee expectations.

Service and Salary Impact on Benefits: The pension plan is structured to account for employees' years of service and salary history in calculating their retirement benefits. These factors directly affect the benefit amount, and the plan ensures that accurate records are maintained to reflect this information(21st Century Fox Americ…).

What unique benefits does 21st Century Fox America Inc. offer that may enhance its pension plan, and how can employees maximize their advantages while planning for retirement? Understanding available supplemental benefits can empower employees in their retirement planning journeys.

Enhancing Pension Benefits: Employees of 21st Century Fox America Inc. may benefit from supplemental retirement benefits, including early retirement options or disability benefits. Understanding and maximizing these options can significantly impact long-term retirement planning(21st Century Fox Americ…).

How can employees of 21st Century Fox America Inc. get in touch with the Disney Benefits Center to inquire further about their employee benefits or to clarify any aspects of the pension plan? Having clear contact information and the process for accessing support can greatly assist employees in navigating their retirement preparation.

Contacting the Disney Benefits Center: Employees can reach out to the Disney Benefits Center at (800) 354-3970 for any inquiries related to their pension plan or other employee benefits. This resource is crucial for clarifying benefit details and addressing any concerns(21st Century Fox Americ…).

With the current political climate we are in it is important to keep up with current news and remain knowledgeable about your benefits.

Fox Corporation offers a 401(k) plan and a pension plan to its employees. The 401(k) plan includes a company match, typically up to 4-6% of the employee's salary, with a partial match beyond that percentage. The company also offers a defined benefit pension plan, although specific details like the pension formula, years of service, or age qualifications were not detailed in the sources reviewed. However, Fox emphasizes comprehensive benefits, including financial security through retirement plans.

In 2023, Fox News underwent significant layoffs as part of a broader restructuring effort, largely driven by the financial strain following the $787.5 million lawsuit settlement with Dominion Voting Systems. These layoffs, including those from the investigative unit, are believed to be part of cost-cutting measures. This is critical to address due to the current economic and political environment, where the company must adjust to financial pressures while maintaining investor confidence and adapting to changing tax regulations.

Stock Options: Fox Corporation offers stock options that allow employees to purchase company stock at a predetermined price, known as the exercise or strike price, after the options have vested. Vesting periods for these options vary, typically ranging from 1 to 5 years. Once vested, employees can exercise their options within a specified period, generally up to 10 years from the grant date. The value of the stock options depends on the market price of Fox Corporation’s stock at the time of exercise; if the market price is higher than the exercise price, the options are "in the money" and can be profitable. Stock options at Fox are primarily available to executives and senior management, although some plans extend to other key employees depending on their role within the company. Restricted Stock Units (RSUs): Fox Corporation also provides RSUs, which represent a grant of company stock that is transferred to employees once the RSUs vest. Unlike stock options, RSUs do not require the employee to purchase the stock; instead, the shares are automatically granted at no cost upon vesting. The value of RSUs is more predictable, as it is tied directly to the market value of Fox Corporation’s stock at the time of vesting. The vested shares are considered taxable income and are typically subject to withholding for taxes. RSUs at Fox are usually granted to a broader group of employees, including executives, senior management, and other employees as part of their annual performance reviews or hiring packages.

Fox Corporation offers a comprehensive range of health benefits to its employees, which are designed to support their well-being from the first day of employment. The health benefits package includes medical, dental, and vision coverage, which are available without any waiting period for many positions. In addition to these core health benefits, Fox also provides flexible spending accounts (FSAs), life insurance, business travel insurance, and long-term disability insurance. Fox places a strong emphasis on whole-person health, including not just physical but also mental health support through their Employee Assistance Program (EAP). This reflects broader trends in employee health benefits, where companies are increasingly focusing on holistic wellness programs that address both physical and mental well-being, especially given the rising costs of healthcare and pharmaceuticals.

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Check Out Articles for Fox employees

For more information you can reach the plan administrator for Fox at , ; or by calling them at .

https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/retirement/net-unrealized-appreciation-nua-tax-treatment-amp-strategies/c71vBJZ2B https://bogartwealth.com/nua-strategy/ https://www.kiplinger.com/taxes/tax-planning/604591/net-unrealized-appreciation-a-hidden-tax-strategy https://darrowwealthmanagement.com/blog/net-unrealized-appreciation-rules/ https://www.foxrothschild.com/publications/interest-rate-hikes-present-challenge-for-fully-funded-pension-plans https://valueyourpension.com/pbgc-vs-irc-vs-gatt-interest-rates-and-present-value-calculation-methods/ https://www.milliman.com/en/insight/2023-lump-sums-defined-benefit-plans-much-lower-as-interest-rates-rise https://www.irs.gov/retirement-plans/pension-plan-funding-segment-rates https://www.foxcorporation.com/news/corp-press-releases/2022/fox-corporation-forms-special-committee-to-begin-exploring-a-potential-combination-with-news-corporation/ https://www.thewrap.com/fox-merger-acquisition-opportunities/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Corporation https://www.foxcareers.com/Content/docs/2023-FOX-Benefits-Summary.pdf https://foxcareers.com/LifeAtFox/BenefitsandPerks https://www.marshmma.com/us/insights/details/employee-health-and-benefits-trends.html https://www.milliman.com/en/ https://law-store.wolterskluwer.com/s/ https://am.gs.com/en-int/advisors