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How Century Aluminum Employees Can Use Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts (IDGTs) in Estate Planning

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“Century Aluminum employees reviewing IDGTs can benefit from understanding how these trusts may support long-term legacy planning, although qualified legal and tax professionals should review these strategies to determine whether they fit into their overall goals.” ~ Wesley Boudreaux, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

“Century Aluminum employees considering an IDGT should recognize how this strategy may support long-term wealth transfer goals, although these structures should be reviewed with qualified legal and tax professionals to determine whether they align with each household’s broader plan.” ~ Patrick Ray, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

In this article, we will discuss:

How intentionally defective grantor trusts (IDGTs) work.
The advantages and potential limitations of using an IDGT.
Key considerations for Century Aluminum employees evaluating this type of planning strategy.

An irrevocable trust arrangement known as an intentionally defective grantor trust (IDGT) allows the grantor to move assets out of their taxable estate while still being treated as the owner of those assets for income tax purposes. Many people, including Century Aluminum employees with high-growth or income-producing holdings, may benefit from using this strategy to support long-term wealth preservation.

How an Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust Works

For tax purposes, different kinds of trusts receive different treatment, and understanding the distinctions can help Century Aluminum professionals review planning strategies more effectively.

Revocable Trusts

In a revocable trust, the grantor is taxed on trust income and is regarded as the owner for income tax purposes. A separate trust income tax return is usually unnecessary. These assets generally remain inside the grantor’s taxable estate because the grantor maintains full control.

Irrevocable Trusts

An irrevocable trust is treated as its own tax entity, filing its own return and taking its own deductions. When properly drafted so the grantor does not retain certain powers or interests, assets transferred to an irrevocable trust are generally removed from the taxable estate, a detail that can matter for Century Aluminum professionals with substantial savings or investment holdings.

How IDGTs Combine These Features

An IDGT is structured as an irrevocable trust for estate and gift tax purposes, removing assets from the taxable estate, but is treated as a grantor trust for income tax purposes. As long as the grantor pays income taxes on trust earnings, the trust’s assets can grow outside the estate, which may appeal to Century Aluminum professionals with long-term legacy goals.

Why It’s Called “Intentionally Defective”

The trust is drafted so that, under IRS grantor-trust rules, the grantor remains the owner for income tax purposes due to certain retained powers. At the same time, the trust is irrevocable for estate tax purposes, allowing the assets to remain outside the taxable estate—a structure that may assist with multigenerational planning.

Advantages of an Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust

Because an IDGT is a grantor trust for income tax purposes, the grantor pays income tax on trust earnings. This leads to two important benefits that may interest Century Aluminum employees with high-value assets:

- Trust assets can grow for beneficiaries without being reduced by income tax payments.
- Income tax paid by the grantor reduces the taxable estate without being classified as a gift.

- This dynamic—where grantors use personal funds to pay taxes that would otherwise reduce trust assets—is often referred to as a “tax burn.”

How Assets Are Transferred to an IDGT

Century Aluminum employees reviewing wealth transfer strategies may encounter two common approaches:

1. Gift or Partial Gift/Sale

A grantor can move assets to an IDGT as a gift. If the gift stays within the lifetime gift and estate tax exemption, it typically does not create out-of-pocket gift tax. Some planning approaches combine a partial gift with a sale to balance estate goals.

2. Sale to the IDGT

Many grantors sell assets to an IDGT in exchange for a promissory note with an interest rate at or above the IRS Applicable Federal Rate (AFR).

- The sale is typically not treated as a taxable gift if conducted at fair market value.
- Appreciation above the AFR occurs outside the grantor’s estate for beneficiaries.
- When AFR rules and loan requirements are followed, the note is treated as valid consideration and carries an interest obligation.

Potential Drawbacks of an IDGT

Once established, an IDGT is difficult to modify, similar to other irrevocable trusts. Outcomes also depend on the trust assets growing at a rate higher than the AFR. If that does not occur, the intended estate planning benefits may fall short—an important consideration for Century Aluminum employees reviewing various asset types.

Who Might Consider an IDGT?

An IDGT can be appealing for families facing potential estate tax exposure, especially when transferring assets with strong growth potential. This approach works best when the grantor has sufficient liquidity to continue paying the trust’s income taxes personally, a factor some Century Aluminum employees review when assessing retirement and estate liquidity. Because the structure requires precise legal drafting, it should be established with qualified legal counsel.

Need Support with IDGTs or Retirement Planning?

The Retirement Group can assist you in reviewing whether an IDGT fits into your broader retirement and estate plan as a Century Aluminum employee. For guidance tailored to your long-term goals, call us at (800) 900-5867 .

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Articles you may find interesting:

Sources:

1. BMO Wealth Management. Herman, Brad. Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust. BMO Financial Group, Oct. 2021,
https://uswealth.bmo.com/media/filer_public/8b/3f/8b3f85c6-21b0-407e-bfbf-0f9b181c1673/bwm_idgtarticle_1103.pdf .

2. Fidelity Wealth Management. “What Is an Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust (IDGT)?” Fidelity Viewpoints , 4 Dec. 2025,
https://www.fidelity.com/viewpoints/wealth-management/insights/intentionally-defective-grantor-trusts .

3. Hirtle, Callaghan & Co. Estate Planning With Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts.
Hirtle, Callaghan & Co., 2020,
https://www.hirtlecallaghan.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Intentionally-Defective-Grantor-Trusts.pdf .

4. Nevada Trust Company. Ford-Grella, Jaclyn. “How Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts Can Safeguard Assets for Future Generations.” Nevada Trust Company , 10 Dec. 2024,
https://www.nevadatrust.com/how-intentionally-defective-grantor-trusts-can-safeguard-assets-for-future-generations/ .

What type of retirement plan does Century Aluminum offer to its employees?

Century Aluminum offers a 401(k) retirement savings plan to help employees save for their future.

Does Century Aluminum match employee contributions to the 401(k) plan?

Yes, Century Aluminum provides a matching contribution up to a certain percentage of employee contributions to the 401(k) plan.

How can employees enroll in the Century Aluminum 401(k) plan?

Employees can enroll in the Century Aluminum 401(k) plan through the company’s HR portal or by contacting the HR department for assistance.

What is the eligibility requirement to participate in Century Aluminum's 401(k) plan?

Most employees at Century Aluminum are eligible to participate in the 401(k) plan after completing a specified period of service, typically within the first year of employment.

Can employees make changes to their contribution levels in Century Aluminum's 401(k) plan?

Yes, employees can change their contribution levels at any time, subject to the plan’s guidelines.

What investment options are available in the Century Aluminum 401(k) plan?

Century Aluminum offers a range of investment options, including mutual funds, stocks, and bonds, allowing employees to choose based on their risk tolerance and retirement goals.

Is there a vesting schedule for Century Aluminum's 401(k) matching contributions?

Yes, Century Aluminum has a vesting schedule for matching contributions, meaning employees must work for a certain number of years to fully own the employer's contributions.

Can employees take loans against their 401(k) balance at Century Aluminum?

Yes, Century Aluminum allows employees to take loans against their 401(k) balance under certain conditions outlined in the plan.

What happens to my Century Aluminum 401(k) if I leave the company?

If you leave Century Aluminum, you can either cash out your 401(k), roll it over to another retirement account, or leave it in the Century Aluminum plan if you meet the minimum balance requirement.

How often can employees contribute to the Century Aluminum 401(k) plan?

Employees can contribute to the Century Aluminum 401(k) plan through payroll deductions, which occur each pay period.

With the current political climate we are in it is important to keep up with current news and remain knowledgeable about your benefits.

Century Aluminum has announced significant restructuring plans, including layoffs and a reduction in workforce to streamline operations and cut costs. They are also revising their benefit structure and pension plans as part of their restructuring efforts.

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For more information you can reach the plan administrator for Century Aluminum at 1 South Wacker Drive, Suite 1910 Chicago, IL 60606; or by calling them at 1-312-696-3101.