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Harvard Blueprint for Tax-Efficient IRA Withdrawals

“Harvard employees who work with a legal or tax advisor to create a structured drawdown strategy—aligning withdrawal sequencing with projected income needs and anticipated tax law changes—can help mitigate their lifetime tax burden.”— Paul Bergeron, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

“By working with a legal or tax advisor to thoughtfully sequence withdrawals from taxable, tax-deferred, and tax-free accounts—and incorporate Roth conversions in low-income years—Harvard employees can help mitigate their retirement tax burden.”— Tyson Mavar, a representative of The Retirement Group, a division of Wealth Enhancement.

In this article we will discuss:

Tax-efficient drawdown strategies for retirement savings
Managing required minimum distributions to help control taxes
Optimal asset location techniques for after-tax returns

Although taxes can erode a sizable portion of retirement assets, Harvard employees can benefit from a systematic strategy known as tax-efficient drawdowns to help preserve more of their savings.

There are distinct tax treatments for different retirement savings vehicles—tax-deferred accounts (such as traditional IRAs and 401ks), tax-free accounts (like Roth IRAs), and taxable brokerage accounts. Taking funds from the wrong bucket at the wrong time may trigger unnecessary taxes, push income into higher brackets, or even increase Medicare Part B and D premiums. Crafting a withdrawal sequence that aligns account types with income needs and anticipated tax liabilities can help to optimize post-career income.

Important Takeaways

- A planned withdrawal order can help extend the longevity of your retirement portfolio.

- Withdrawal timing and tax impact differ across tax-deferred, tax-free, and taxable accounts.

- Capital gains management and required minimum distribution (RMD) planning play a pivotal role in overall tax obligations.

- Personalized strategies—based on income profiles, asset allocations, and health considerations—help align outcomes to individual needs.

What a Withdrawal Sequence Means

A retirement drawdown involves withdrawing money from your investment and retirement accounts—such as taxable brokerage accounts, 401ks, Roth IRAs, and traditional IRAs—to fund living expenses after work ends. Research indicates that a systematic hierarchy of withdrawals from these accounts, based on their tax treatment, can extend retirement savings by three years or more. ¹

Tyson Mavar, a financial advisor with Wealth Enhancement, explains the thinking behind this strategy. When retirees withdraw funds from taxable accounts, taxes apply only to capital gains, which are generally taxed at favorable rates (0%, 15%, or 20%, depending on total income). Withdrawing these funds while still in your earning years could help mitigate your overall tax burden. For their part, funds drawn from tax-deferred accounts (such as 401ks and traditional IRAs), are typically taxed at ordinary income tax rates—so these withdrawals may make more sense during lower earning years. Finally, Roth IRAs allow for tax-free withdrawals. Delaying withdrawals from these tax-favored accounts gives them more time to grow tax-free.

To determine the best withdrawal sequencing for your needs, it's important for Harvard employees to consider their individual circumstances. For example, partial Roth IRA distributions after the five-year holding period may be advantageous in early retirement years if your taxable income is particularly low and could help to manage future RMD requirements.

Managing the Necessary Minimum Distributions

Current IRS rules require account owners to begin RMDs from employer-sponsored plans and traditional IRAs by April 1 of the year after they turn 73 if they were born between 1951 and 1959. For those born in 1960 or later, RMDs start at 75. If not managed carefully, these mandatory distributions—treated as ordinary income—can raise annual tax bills for Harvard employees.

In the decade leading up to RMD age, Mavar often advises clients to consider Roth conversions. Because Roth IRAs do not mandate RMDs, shifting assets from a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA allows your money to grow tax-free. That said, the conversion itself incurs income tax at current rates. Strategic timing of conversions in low-income years may help control taxable income and may lower total lifetime taxes.

Optimizing Asset Placement

Asset positioning—placing investments in the most tax-advantageous accounts—is key to efficient drawdowns. Interest-generating investments (like bonds, actively managed mutual funds, and real estate investment trusts) often produce income taxed at ordinary rates, making them ideal candidates for Roth or tax-deferred accounts. Conversely, tax-efficient holdings (such as municipal bond funds and broad market index funds) can be held in taxable accounts, where favorable dividend and long-term capital gains rates apply.

Customization and Comprehensive Planning

No single drawdown plan fits every retiree. A thorough strategy considers factors like current and future income needs, Social Security claiming tactics, medical expenses, legacy goals, and potential tax law changes. Incorporating these elements into a cohesive plan can position Harvard employees to preserve assets for lifelong income and intergenerational wealth transfer.

At Wealth Enhancement, Tyson Mavar and his team specialize in designing customized withdrawal plans. Leveraging their deep knowledge of tax law, investment management, and retirement income planning, they guide clients through complex choices—such as adjusting withdrawals to mitigate Medicare surcharges and evaluating Roth conversions against market conditions.

In Conclusion

After a career of diligent saving, you deserve a retirement plan that helps you keep more after-tax income. When thoughtfully designed and personalized, tax-efficient drawdowns can help make funds last longer. Working with an experienced advisor to navigate capital gains tax management, RMD rules, account hierarchies, and evolving tax laws can yield real savings and greater financial flexibility.

Learn how to navigate RMD implications, manage taxable income, and preserve lifetime savings through strategies like qualified charitable distributions, Roth conversions, and optimized drawdown sequencing. It’s akin to conducting a symphony: you start with the soft strings of taxable brokerage gains, introduce the warmer woodwinds of tax-deferred accounts, let your Roth “brass” soar tax-free, and weave in timely “Roth conversion” solos before the RMD percussion begins—making sure every instrument complements the ensemble without overpowering it.

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Sources:

1. Financial Analysts Journal. ' Tax-Efficient Withdrawal Strategies ,' by Kirsten A. Cook, William Meyer & William Reichenstein. 28 Dec. 2018.

Other Resources:

1. Sumutka, Alan R., Andrew M. Sumutka, and Lewis W. Coopersmith. “Tax-Efficient Retirement Withdrawal Planning Using a Comprehensive Tax Model.” Journal of Financial Planning , vol. 25, no. 4, Apr. 2012, pp. 41–52.

2. Neufeld, Dorothy. “How Required Minimum Distributions Impact Your Traditional IRA Balance.” Investopedia , 14 Apr. 2025, https://www.investopedia.com/required-minimum-distributions-impact-traditional-ira-balance-11711080 .

3. Vanguard Group. “Asset Location Can Lead to Lower Taxes.” Vanguard , Aug. 2024, https://investor.vanguard.com/investment-stewardship/asset-location .

4. Morningstar Editors. “How to Spend From Your Portfolio Tax-Efficiently in Retirement.” Morningstar , Nov. 2024, https://www.morningstar.com/articles/2024/11/how-to-spend-tax-efficiently .

5. Kitces, Michael. “Navigating Income Harvesting Strategies: Harvesting (0 %) Capital Gains Vs. Partial Roth Conversions.” Kitces.com , 22 July 2020, https://www.kitces.com/blog/navigating-income-harvesting-strategies-harvesting-vs-roth-conversions .

What are the key distribution options available to employees at Harvard University upon retirement, and how do these options differ regarding tax implications? Employees should understand both the annuity options and lump-sum distributions available under the Harvard University Retirement Plan, as these can significantly affect their financial outcomes in retirement. Harvard University provides various choices depending on the lump-sum value, and it's essential to analyze each choice carefully to maximize retirement benefits.

Key Distribution Options: Upon retirement, Harvard University employees can choose between a lump-sum distribution, a rollover to another retirement account, or an annuity with different options, including a single-life annuity or joint and survivor annuity(Harvard University Reti…). Lump-sum payments may lead to immediate tax liabilities, while annuity options offer more tax-deferred growth(Harvard University Reti…).

How does the choice of an annuity payment method impact the long-term financial security of retirees at Harvard University? Employees need to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of single life versus joint and survivor annuities, considering not only their own financial needs but also those of potential beneficiaries. The decision can affect monthly income levels and the benefits passed on to surviving partners or dependents.

Impact of Annuity Payment Method: Choosing a single-life annuity maximizes monthly payments but provides no benefits after the retiree’s death. A joint and survivor annuity reduces monthly payments but ensures ongoing income for a surviving spouse or beneficiary, offering more long-term financial security for both parties(Harvard University Reti…).

What specific conditions must be met for a retired employee of Harvard University to elect the Consolidated Harvard Annuity Option (CHAO), and what benefits might this offer? Understanding the eligibility criteria for CHAO and its implications on retirement planning will help employees make informed decisions. The CHAO allows for a potential increase in annuity benefits, but there are specific deadlines and requirements that participants must adhere to.

Consolidated Harvard Annuity Option (CHAO): To elect the CHAO, employees must terminate their employment after April 30, 2006, and have a Basic Retirement Account balance exceeding $1,000. They must elect the CHAO within 60 days of termination to exchange their investment account for a higher annuity(Harvard University Reti…)(Harvard University Reti…).

How can employees at Harvard University ensure that they have properly designated beneficiaries within their retirement plans, and what are the ramifications of failing to do so? The importance of keeping beneficiary designations up to date cannot be overstated, as it impacts how benefits are distributed upon the participantâ€™s death. Employees must familiarize themselves with the required forms and the potential consequences of having outdated or incorrect designations.

Beneficiary Designations: Employees should ensure their beneficiary designations are up to date by completing the appropriate forms. Failure to do so could result in benefits being distributed according to marital status or to unintended recipients(Harvard University Reti…).

In what ways do the spousal consent rules affect the retirement options for married employees of Harvard University, and why is this a critical aspect to consider when planning for retirement? Understanding the spousal consent requirements is vital for retirees since failing to adhere to these regulations can lead to unintended consequences, including issues related to benefit disbursement. Employees should seek to navigate these requirements carefully to secure their desired benefit structure.

Spousal Consent Rules: Married employees must obtain spousal consent, witnessed by a notary or plan representative, if they choose a retirement distribution option that does not provide survivor benefits to their spouse(Harvard University Reti…). Failure to adhere to these rules can result in complications with benefit disbursement(Harvard University Reti…).

How does the $1,000 threshold affect retirement distribution choices for employees retiring from Harvard University, and what specific options are available once this threshold is considered? Employees need to be informed about the options that arise based on the value of their Basic Retirement Account when making distribution decisions. Knowing whether an annuity or lump-sum option is available can significantly influence retirement planning and benefits.

$1,000 Threshold: If an employee's Basic Retirement Account value is $1,000 or less, they must take a lump-sum payment or rollover, as annuity options are unavailable. The lump-sum is subject to tax withholding unless rolled over(Harvard University Reti…).

What steps should employees at Harvard University take if they wish to defer their retirement distributions, and what factors should they consider before making this decision? Deferring distributions can offer various tax advantages and impact retirement income strategies. Employees should evaluate their financial situations, anticipate future needs, and understand the timelines involved in the deferment process to make sound choices.

Deferring Distributions: Employees can defer their distributions until the April 1st following the year they turn 70½. Deferring can offer tax advantages and allow time for the value of retirement funds to grow(Harvard University Reti…).

What are the consequences of electing a lump-sum distribution from a retirement account at Harvard University, particularly in terms of immediate and long-term tax implications? Employees considering a lump-sum distribution must recognize that such options can lead to significant tax liabilities and potential penalties, especially if improperly managed. A thorough understanding of these financial repercussions can aid in making choices that align with retirement goals.

Lump-Sum Distribution Consequences: Opting for a lump-sum distribution can result in substantial tax liabilities, including early withdrawal penalties if under age 59½. However, rolling the distribution into another retirement account can mitigate tax impacts(Harvard University Reti…).

How can employees contact the Harvard University Retirement Center to learn more about their retirement plan options, and what information should they prepare before reaching out? Understanding how to access information and ask the right questions is crucial for employees looking to navigate their retirement options effectively. Having personal details and specific inquiries ready when contacting the Harvard University Retirement Center will facilitate a more productive dialogue.

Contacting the Retirement Center: Employees can reach the Harvard University Retirement Center at 800-527-1398 for information. They should have their pension statement, retirement account details, and any specific questions prepared(Harvard University Reti…).

What should employees at Harvard University consider when choosing whether to roll over their retirement benefits into another employer's retirement plan or an IRA? The decision to roll over retirement benefits comes with various implications, including investment choices, fees, and the overall management of retirement funds. An in-depth understanding of the pros and cons of rollover options will empower employees to make informed decisions that best suit their financial futures.

Rollover Options: Rolling over retirement benefits into another employer’s plan or an IRA allows employees to maintain tax-deferred growth. It is crucial to compare fees, investment options, and withdrawal rules before making a decision(Harvard University Reti…).